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Mamonda779
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Прочтите текст и переведите его на язык. russia and other countries of the former ussr have a mix of 3,300 v dc and 25 kv ac electric railroads due to historical reasons. the special "junction stations" (around 15 over the whole former ussr ) were equipped with contact wiring switchable from dc to ac. locomotive replacement is essential at these stations and is performed together with the contact wiring switching. historically, the first 3,300 v dc wiring was used due to vehicle simplicity. the first experimental track was in georgian mountains, then the suburban zones of the largest cities were electrified for motor-car locomotive-less trains to be used. for some time, electric railways were only considered to be suitable for suburban or mountain lines. in around 1950, a decision was made to electrify the highly loaded plain prairie line of omsk-novosibirsk. after this, electrifying the major railroads with 3,000 v dc became a mainstream. in 1990s, some dc lines were rebuilt as ac ones to allow the usage of the huge 10 mwt ac locomotive of vl85. the line around irkutsk is one of them. the dc locomotives freed by this rebuild were transferred to st. petersburg region. the trans-siberian railway has been partly electrified since 1929 and entirely electric hauled since 2002. the system is 25 kv ac 50 hz after the junction station of mariinsk near krasnoyarsk, 3,000 v dc before it and train weights are up to 6,000 tonnes.[32]

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Кеса1188
Кеса1188
4,4(95 оценок)
Россия и остальные страны из бывшего имеют смесь из 3.300 dc электричества и 25 kv ac 'электро снабжения железных дорого по двум причинам. это специально при пересечени станций ( около 15 и свыше в бывшем ) было оборудованио с контактной проводной переключаемой сетью от постоянного к переменному току. локомотив заменял в необходимости на этих станциях и увеличивал обьщую мощность вместе с проводным переключением.  первое 3.300 v dc проводная была использована дважды для тяговой машины. этот первый експериментальный трак был использован в горах грузии, тогда эти городские окраины состояли из больших городов и использовались для мото-дрезин и малых локомотивов. через некоторое время, електрические железные дороги были только объединены для удобства как городских прямых рейсов так и для горных перевозок что требовало гораздо большей мощности. в 1950 году, решение сделать более высокие загруженные равнинные линии на омск-новосибирск. после этоого, электрификация общих лорог с 3000 v dc стала главным направлением.  в 1990-стых годах некоторые dc линии были переделаны ка ac оные позволяли это изпользовать огромные 10 mwt ac локомотивы серии вл85. эта линия вогруг иркутска одна из них. dc локомотивы освобождали в течении модернизации и были перемещены в ленинградский регион. транс-сибирская железная дорога была частично електрифицирована с 1929 года и в целом протащана с 2002 года. эта система из 25 kv ac 50 hz сведения станции маринск около красноярска, 3000 v dc до того уровня   что вес поездов поднялся до 6000 тон груза.
Xtanev
Xtanev
4,6(1 оценок)

Murder

The abolition of capital punishment in England in November 1965 was welcomed by most people with humane and progressive ideas. To them it seemed a departure from feudalism, from the cruel pre-Christian spirit of revenge: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.

Many of these people think differently now. Three unarmed policemen have been killed in London by bandits who shot them down in cold blood. This crime has drawn attention to the fact that since, the abolition of capital punishment crime - and especially murder - has been on increase throughout Britain. Today, therefore, public opinion in Britain has changed. People who before, also in Parliament, stated that capital punishment was not a deterrent to murder - for there have always been murders in all countries with or without the law of execution - now feel that killing the assassin is the lesser of two evils. Capital punishment, they think, may not be the ideal answer, but it is better than nothing, especially when, as in England, a sentence of "lifelong" imprisonment (a life sentence, as it is called) only lasts eight or nine years.

+All this is very controversial. And all the arguments for and against can be refuted in practice. The problem remains - the problem of how to prevent .murders. Some murders are committed by criminals evading arrest, by insane or mentally disturbed people, by cold-blooded sadists completely devoid of all human feelings. The important thing in the prevention of murder is to eliminate as far as possible the weapons and instruments, the guns and knives, with which these crimes are committed, and furthermore to stop the dangerous influence of violence in books, films, television and other mass media, from which so many criminals derive their "inspiration".Murder

The abolition of capital punishment in England in November 1965 was welcomed by most people with humane and progressive ideas. To them it seemed a departure from feudalism, from the cruel pre-Christian spirit of revenge: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.

Many of these people think differently now. Three unarmed policemen have been killed in London by bandits who shot them down in cold blood. This crime has drawn attention to the fact that since, the abolition of capital punishment crime - and especially murder - has been on increase throughout Britain. Today, therefore, public opinion in Britain has changed. People who before, also in Parliament, stated that capital punishment was not a deterrent to murder - for there have always been murders in all countries with or without the law of execution - now feel that killing the assassin is the lesser of two evils. Capital punishment, they think, may not be the ideal answer, but it is better than nothing, especially when, as in England, a sentence of "lifelong" imprisonment (a life sentence, as it is called) only lasts eight or nine years.

+All this is very controversial. And all the arguments for and against can be refuted in practice. The problem remains - the problem of how to prevent .murders. Some murders are committed by criminals evading arrest, by insane or mentally disturbed people, by cold-blooded sadists completely devoid of all human feelings. The important thing in the prevention of murder is to eliminate as far as possible the weapons and instruments, the guns and knives, with which these crimes are committed, and furthermore to stop the dangerous influence of violence in books, films, television and other mass media, from which so many criminals derive their "inspiration".

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