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Police in Manchester have begun recording attacks on members of sub-cultures, such as goths, emos and punks, as hate crimes. But how do you define and protect these groups?

The problem of hate crimes against sub-cultures has been of mounting concern since the murder of Sophie Lancaster in 2007.

The student and her boyfriend were set upon by a gang of teenagers in a park. The victims were targeted because they were goths.

Previously, assaults have only been recorded as hate crimes when involving race, religion, disability, sexual orientation or transgender identity.

These groups can usually be demarcated relatively clearly, but is it more difficult to identify what makes someone a goth, emo or punk?

The Oxford English Dictionary defines a goth as "a performer or fan of [goth] music, or anyone who adopts a similar appearance, typically through the use of dark eye make-up and pale skin colouring, dark clothes, and bulky metallic jewellery".

Goth.net, one of the most active forums on goth culture, acknowledges the role of dark clothing but rejects the notion that goths have the same musical and fashion tastes. Central to their definition is "free-thinking and rejection of dogma".

The OED's definition of emo is purely musical: "derived from hardcore punk music and characterised by emotional, usually introspective lyrics".

While people might have certain assumptions about the way emos dress, precise delineations are not clear. They often dress similarly to goths, but the emo fashion for spiky, coloured hair and studded clothing seems to show punk influences.

One thing that is clear from the way emos and goths choose to define themselves is that a single definition does not exist.

Emo and goth identity is discussed in detail among both communities online. Many goths and emos feel sidelined by mainstream society and see their goth or emo identity as a way to express this.

Debates rage among the online communities about what music and fashion is or is not goth or emo, but all see it as an effective way of expressing themselves. It creates a sense of community and feeling that they belong.

"They are not easy groups to define," says Paul Hodkinson, a goth himself and a sociologist at the University of Surrey, who specialises in youth subcultures.

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