Нужно кратко пересказать текст на : before selling the goods, you must do a lot of marketing research first. the information needed can be obtained from trade representations, from trade associations and trade journals or from specialized consultant companies (who will do a professional market research job for you for a fee). 9 the information you are interested in is if there is any demand for your goods, what the market potential is, what sort of competition you will meet, i.e. how the price of your goods compares with other competitive products including those produced locally, local conditions and preference, local trading customs and habits, what seasonal factors should be taken into account and the like. but in general marketing covers not only market research, but also planning the selection (assortment) of goods, and consequently the production itself, price policy, advertising and promotion of sales, controlling the sales and post-sales servicing. so marketing is a system of running all the business activities of a company in respect of coordinating supply and demand for the goods produced. originally marketing was meant to help avoid over-production in advanced capitalist countries. marketing may also enable to coordinate production and goods circulation for the purpose of using all the resources for the benefit of people and for covering in the best possible way all their needs. advertising is an important means of promoting the goods that are being produced already as well as new lines in business. there are specialized firms dealing with advertising. different kinds of mass media – tv, radio, newspapers, cinema, journals, magazines, posters, - are used for advertising goods. special leaflets, booklets and other printed matter about the goods may be published for the same purpose. participation in fairs and exhibitions helps promote our goods as well. special advertising conferences may be held. the choice of media for advertising depends on the kind of goods and on the local conditions and people’s habits: sometimes tv and radio ads are best, in other cases it may be trade journals or leaflets distributed among potential buyers

Перед продажей товаров, тебе нужно сделать много маркетинговых вычислений. нужную информацию можно получить из представлений, торговых ассоциаций и торговых журналов, или специальных консультационных компаний(которые сделают все за плату).  9. информация о спросе ваших товаров, их потенциале и конкурентоспособности, том какие сложности встретятся, то есть как цена ваших товаров отличается от цен конкурентов, в том числе принимаются во внимание: местные условия, предпочтения, торговые обычаи, привычки, сезонные факторы и тому подобное. вообще, маркетинг охватывает не только исследования рынка, но и планирует ассортимент товаров и, следовательно, само производство, ценовую политику, рекламу, продвижение продаж, контролируя продажи и обслуживание послепродажных услуг. так, маркетинг   - система для соблюдения координации спроса и предложения на (произведенные) товары во всех видах деятельности бизнеса. сначала же маркетинг был призван избежать перепроизводства в развитых капиталистических странах. также маркетинг может включать в себя координацию производства и оборот товаров для наиболее эффективного использования ресурсов на благо людей и их потребностей. реклама - важное средство продвижения товаров, уже находящихся на линии бизнеса. существуют различные фирмы, специализирующиеся на рекламе. разные сми - тв, радио, газеты, кино, журналы и так далее - используются для рекламы. также могут публиковать листовки и другую печатную продукцию в тех же целях. участие в ярмарках, выставках, специальных конференциях продвинуть наши товары. выбор средства массовой информации зависит от вида товара, местных привычек и условий людей: иногда телевидение и радио лучше подойдут для рекламы, а иногда лучше подойдут торговые журналы и листовки, распространенные среди потенциальных покупателей. сокращать специализированные тесты сложно, особенно не зная темы. сократил как мог, уж прости, если недостаточно.

Minsk 22.04.2011 my native city is minsk. here i was born and here i lived all my life. minsk is the capital of the republic of belarus, its political, economic, cultural and scientific center. it is an ancient city and dates back to the 11th century. the main stages of its origin and development are rather typical of a large settlement in this country. it`s history has some specific features which distinguish it from many other similar cities and towns. there is one version of how it came into being. according to this the city was founded in the 11th century. the fact of its existence was first recorded in the chronicles in 1067 connection with the battle on the river nemiga. in 1101 after prince vseslav`s death, the principality of polotsk was divided between his sons. gleb vseslavovich took propositionof minsk and made it the capital of an independent principality. there are certain proofs that it was a flourishing commercial center located at the crossroads of the traditional trade rout from east to west and from north to south. the artisans and merchants traded their products for salt, iron, tin and other goods. the earliest trading took place on the right bank of the svisloch. this, it s believed, gave rise to the name " mensk" ih the 14th century minsk became part of the great duchy of lithuania. in order to strengthen their hold on russian soil, the lithuanian princes united with the lords of poland in 1569 and the next 200 years the belarussian people were dominated by poland and lithuania. the city suffered from the armies of napoleon in 1812 as well as from the nazi occupationin 1941. on the 5th of january 1919 the city of minsk became the capital of soviet belarussia. minsk is situated on the river svisloch and occupies an area of 200 square kilometers. its population is about 2 million people. during the great patriotic war minsk was destroyed by german invaders almost completely. minsk lay in ruins. the people of belarus rebuilt the city. victory square, the eternal flame at the monument commemorates soldiers, underground fighters, partisans who fell in the battles for freedom f our motherland. the names of many streets of the city commemorate many heroes. minsk today is a leading economic center and one of major industrial cities in belarus. it is a large machine-building center. the industrial enterprises of minsk include: the minsk tractor works, minskcomputer works, ball-bearing plant, refrigerator plant, watch factory, and others. industrial enterprises produce tractors and automobiles, motorcycles and bicycles, tv sets, radio-sets, watches and refrigerators, electronic computers, textile, footwear, food and other goods. it is also a big traffic center with a large network of railways, roads, air lines and two metro lines. the minsk metro is the newest and very beautiful. each station has some associations with historical events of the country or reflects the peaceful efforts of the people. minsk is also known as a city of science and students. there is the academy of sciences and 16 higher educational establishments there, the biggest of which are the university and the polytechnic academy. the city is noted for it`s variedinteresting cultural life. in minsk there are 6 theaters, concert halls, a circus, dozens of cinemas, many places of culture, libraries, clubs. the most famous theaters are the opera and ballet theatre, the yanka kupala theatre, the gorky russian drama theatre. among the most interesting museums one can mention the museum of the history of the great patriotic war, the art museum and yanka kupala and yakub kolas museums. the art museum is a real treasure-house of fine arts. minsk is a city of sports. there are good recreation and sports facilities: tennis courts, playgrounds, swimming pools in various parts of the city. the main sports structures are: the dynamo stadium, the palace of sports and water sports centre. minsk is a hero city. it was honored with the title in 1974 for outstandingheroism and courage during the great patriotic war. the citizens of minsk are proud of their city. it is beautiful at any time of the year. tourists are impressed by multi-storied buildings, the newly built area in the suburbs, by a lot of sights. frantsysk skarina avenue extends for more than 10 kilometers. there is a magnificient view from the river svislach.