Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в present perfect или past simple. 12. he is not at school today, he (to fall) ill. — when he (to fall) ill? — he (to fall) ill yesterday. 13. i already (to do) my homework. now i can go for a walk. 14. i (to do) my homework yesterday. 15. he just (to come) home. 16. he (to come) home a minute ago. 17. nick (to play) football yesterday. 18. she already (to come) from school. now she is doing her homework. 19. i (to read) this book last year. 20. i (to read) this book this year. 21. i never (to be) to washington. 22. you ever (to be) to new york? 23. you ever (to see) the eruption of a volcano? 24. i (to invite) linda to the party. — when you (to see) her? — i (not to see) her for ages. i (to call) her an hour ago.

ответ:The New York City Police Department (NYPD) originates in the Government of New York City attempts to control rising crime in early to mid 19th century New York City. This increased crime was due to an increased population, caused primarily by poor Irish immigrants beginning in the 1820s. The City's reforms was modeled upon London's Metropolitan Police Service of a full-time professional police force in 1845. The Municipal Police replaced the inadequate night watch system which had been in place since the 17th century, when the city was founded by the Dutch as New Amsterdam.

In 1857, the Municipal Police were tumultuously replaced by the Metropolitan Police, which consolidated other local police departments.

Late 19th and early 20th century trends included professionalization and struggles against corruptionation: New York City Police Riot

Municipal and Metropolitan policemen fight each other in front of the New York City Hall for control over the police force in the New York City Police Riot of 1857. The newly formed New York City Metropolitan Police replaced the former Municipal Police in 1857.

NYCPD Officers charging rioters at the offices of the New York Tribune newspaper. New York City draft riots July 1863

The regulation uniforms of the Metropolitan Police in 1871

A 1871 map of wards and police precincts

Police Commissioner Theodore Roosevelt in 1895 who tried to clean up corruption within the police department

Prior to the establishment of the NYPD, New York City's population of about 320,000 was served by a force consisting of 1 night watch, 100 city marshals, 31 constables, and 51 municipal police officers.[1] On May 7, 1844, the New York State passed the Municipal Police Act, a law which authorized creation of a police force and abolished the night watch system.[1][2] At the request of the New York City Common Council, Peter Cooper drew up a proposal to create a police force of 1,200 officers. John Watts de Peyster was an early advocate of implementing military style discipline and organization to the force.[3]

However, because of a lengthy dispute between the Common Council and the Mayor of New York City regarding who would appoint the officers, the law was not put into effect until the following year. Under Mayor William Havemeyer, the city finally repealed their watch system and adopted the Municipal Police Act as an ordinance on May 23, 1845,[4] creating the New York Police Department in fact rather than merely in legislative theory.

For the purposes of policing, the city was divided into three districts, with courts, magistrates, and clerks, and station houses.[1][5] The NYPD was closely modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service in London, England which used a military-like organizational structure, with rank and order. A navy blue uniform was introduced after long debate in 1853.[6]

In 1857, Republican Party reformers in the New York State capital of Albany created a new Metropolitan police force and abolished the Municipal police,[7] as part of their effort to rein in the Democratic Party-controlled New York City government. The Metropolitan Police Bill consolidated the police in New York, Brooklyn, Staten Island, and Westchester County (which then included The Bronx), under a Governor of New York-appointed board of commissioners.[8]

Unwilling to be abolished, Mayor Fernando Wood and the Municipals resisted for several months, during which time the city effectively had two police forces, the State-controlled Metropolitans, and the Municipals. The Metropolitans included 300 policemen and 7 captains who left the Municipal police but was primarily made up of raw recruits with little or no training. The Municipals were controlled directly by Wood and including 800 policemen and 15 captains who stayed. The division between the forces was ethnically determined, with immigrants largely staying with the Municipals, and those of Anglo-Dutch heritage going to the Metropolitan

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