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London as well as being the capital of england, london is the capital of the united kingdom. london was founded by the romans in 43 a.d. and was called londinium. in 61 a.d. the town was burnt down and when it was rebuilt by the romans it was surrounded by a wall. that area within the wall is now called the city of london. it is london's commercial and business centre. it contains the bank of england, the stock exchange and the head offices of numerous companies and corporations. here is situated the tower of london. the tower was built by william the conqueror who conquered england in 1066. he was crowned at westminster abbey. now most of the government buildings are located there.during the tudor period (16th century) london became an important economic and financial centre. the londoners of the elizabethan period built the first theatres. nowadays the theatre land is stretched around piccadilly circus. not far from it one can see the british museum and the covent garden opera house.during the victorian period (19th century) london was one of the most important centres of the industrial revolution.   today london is a great political centre, a great commercial centre, a paradise for theatre-goers and tourists, but it is also a very quiet place with its parks and its ancient buildings, museums and libraries.

1. all preparations being made, we went on an excursion. (the nominative absolute participial construction = независимый причастный оборот) - когда все приготовления были сделаны, мы отправились на экскурсию.

2. i expect you to be on time. (complex object = объектный инфинитивный оборот, сложное дополнение) - я жду, что ты придешь вовремя.

3. he is said to learn foreign languages quickly. (complex subject = субъектный инфинитивный оборот, сложное подлежащее) - говорят, что он быстро учит иностранные языки.