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26.03.2022 02:40

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, умоляю. ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЯ 7. Identify the semantic change(s) underlying the following word histories as
A. metaphor.. B. metonymy.. C. restriction or specialization..
D. generalization.. E. elevation.. F. degradation / pejoration
Mind that more than one semantic process can be involved.
1. Arena: Should not be applied strictly to any open space, playing area or meeting-place. Arena is Latin ‘sand’, from the days when the Coliseum in Rome was strewn with sand to absorb the blood spilt in combats between the gladiators, or the Christians and the lions. (Radford)
2. Blackguard: Has come to a queer corruption. There was nothing villainous about the original “black-guards”. They were humble servants of the household who rode with the pots and pans, to guard them, during the passage of a wealthy household from country house to town house, or vice versa. (Radford)
3. Budget: Dr. Brewer puts forward the statement that the use of the term budget for the financial statement of the Chancellor of the Exchequer arose from the custom of bringing to the House of Commons the papers pertaining to these matters in a leather bag, or, in the French, a bougette. The French word for ‘bag’ is, in any case, bouge. The simple fact is that the Budget in these early days was literally a sack full of money, the various sums appropriated to special purposes being sorted into little pouches. And bougette is the diminutive of the French word bouge, and means a little bag, or pouch. (Radford)
4. Cash: Was originally the old French word casse, a case or box in which money was kept. (Radford)
5. Economy: Although the word is now used mostly for national or international politics, it belonged primarily to the house, being derived from the Greek oikos ‘a house’ and nomos ‘a law’. Even now, the principal “economy” in the minds of the ordinary man and woman is the true one—the relation to home expenditure and income. (Radford)
6. Endorse: “I endorse that” means “I accept that”, or, properly, “I back that”. It is derived from the Latin in-dorsum ‘on the back’. (Radford)
7. Etiquette: It is a French word meaning ‘label’. On ceremonial and other important occasions a ticket of instructions was issued to visitors detailing what they should do. The ticket, or label was their etiquette. To-day, it is a code (mostly unspoken and unwritten) of rules governing behaviour and decorum. (Radford)
8. Idiot: The word is from the Greek idios ‘private’, ‘one's own’, the Greek idiotes signifying a man in private life, as distinguished from one holding an official position. The assumption was that the latter would be of higher education and intellect. To-day it has come to mean one who is weak in mind or deficient in common sense. (Radford)
9. Jail-bird: For certain offences in olden days women were imprisoned in a large iron cage. That they were, therefore, jail-birds, was a natural corollary. (Radford)
10. Limousine: This name existed many years before the motor car body with that name was thought of. Limousine is a French word signifying a cloak. The idea was a “cloaked” car, cars having previously been open. (Radford)
11. Money: The name for our coinage is derived from the Latin moneta. The word is more plainly recognizable in our word used to describe financial transactions — monetary. (Radford)
12. Omnibus From the Latin omnibus ‘for all’. (Radford)
13. Opera: Means, in its original Latin, ‘labours, works’. It is the plural of opus ‘a work’. (Radford)
14. Orgy: The name for drunken or riotous revels comes from the Greek orgia, the secret festivals, held always at night, in honour of Bacchus, the God of wine. (Radford)
15. Paradise: The original “paradise” was the tree-studded parks around the palaces of the Persian kings, being derived from the Old Persian pairidaeza (pairi ‘around’ plus diz ‘to mould or form’). The Greeks seized the word and termed it paradeisos. It was first used in this sense by Xenophon and then by Septuagint for Garden of Eden. (Radford)
16. Queue: French word, meaning ‘tail’. (Radford)
17. Sinister: Foreboding, of ill omen. The word is from the Latin sinister ‘left’. From the ancient days the left side has been regarded with superstitious fears. Nothing good could ever come from the left. Thus, left became the sinister side. (Radford)
18. Soldier: Was so called from the Latin solidus ‘a piece of money’. In other words, the Roman soldier was a hireling, or mercenary, engaged with money to fight. (Radford)
19. Steward: The name for a caretaker is derived from the Saxon stigweard, from stigo ‘a sty’ and weard ‘a ward’. It dates back to the days when most of England was forest, and the chief wealth of the Saxon landowner was pigs. The pigs were driven home from the forest feeding grounds at night and penned in their sties, a man being employed to keep watch and ward over them. He was the stigweard — steward. (Radford)