prapra2017oz2bo2

08.08.2020 05:11

Английский язык

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Reading Task 1. Read the text. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D.
Imagine the brain could reboot, updating its withered and damaged cells with new, improved units. That may sound like science fiction, but it's a potential reality scientists are investigating right now. Will our brains one day be able to self-repair? It's well known that embryonic cells in our young developing brains produce new neurons, the microscopic units that make up the brain's tissue. Those newly generated neurons migrate to various parts of the developing brain, making it self-organize into different structures.
But until recently, scientists thought cell production came to an abrupt halt soon after this initial growth, leading them to conclude that neurological diseases, like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, and damaging events, like strokes, are irreversible. But a series of recent discoveries has revealed that adult brains actually do continue to produce new cells in at least three specialized locations.
This process, known as neurogenesis, involves dedicated brain cells, called neural stem cells and progenitor cells, which manufacture new neurons or replace the old ones. The three regions where neurogenesis has been discovered are the dentate gyros, associated with learning and memory, the sub ventricular zone, which may supply neurons to the olfactory bulb for communication between the nose and brain, and the striatum, which helps manage movement.
Scientists don't yet have a good grasp on exactly what role neurogenesis plays in any of these regions, or why they have this ability that's absent from the rest of the brain, but the mere presence of a mechanism to grown new neurons in the adult brain opens up an amazing possibility.
And another promising possible approach is to transplant healthy human neural stem cells, which are cultured in a laboratory, to injured tissue, like we can do with skin. Scientists are currently experimenting to determine whether transplanted donor cells can divide, differentiate and successfully give rise to new neurons in a damaged brain. They've also discovered that we might be able to teach other kinds of brain cells, such as astrocytes or oligodendrocytes to behave like neural stem cells and start generating neurons, too. So, a couple of decades from now will our brains be able to self-repair?
We can't say for sure, but that has become one of the major goals of regenerative medicine. The human brain has 100 billion neurons and we're still figuring out the wiring behind this huge biological motherboard. But every day, research on neurogenesis brings us closer to that reboot switch.

Which cells in the adult brain produce new neurons?
Embryonic stem cells
Neurons
Neural stem cells
Ependymal cells

Which of the following is not an area where new neurons are generated?
Amygdala
Dentate gyrus (part of the Hippocampus)
Sub ventricular zone
Striatum

What factors have been shown to possibly stimulate the neurognic process?
BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor)
GDNF (Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor)
Transplanted healthy human stem cells
B and C

What type of brain cell, other than neural stem cells, can be coaxed into generating neurons?
Purkinje cells
Astrocytes
Schwann cells
Microglia

Which brain region plays a role in learning the memory?
Olfactory bulb
Striatum
Hippocampus
Cerebellum

Writing
Task 2. Writing. Write an essay about the most special day of celebrity’s life. Include the following information:

Possible questions to ask:
1. What facts about your celebrity impressed you? Why? Give reasons.
2. How can you apply the knowledge/idea you gained from the biography in real life situations?

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