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11.03.2021 10:49

Английский язык

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построить развернутый план текста Text A: METALS

Metals are materials most widely used in industry be cause of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.
The separation between the atoms in metals is small, most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regu- so larly and can slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without frac ture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.
The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these grains. In general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one with course grains
Heat treatment such as quenching, tempering, or annealing controls the nature of the grain and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to a pure metal. This is called alloying (reruponato) and it changes the grain struc ture and properties of metals.
All metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, ham mering and extrusion, but some require hot-working Metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep (the slow increase in length under stress) causing deformation and failure. Both effects are taken into account by engineers when designing, for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical proc. esses. Metals can be worked using machine-tools such as lathe, milling machine, shaper and grinder.
The ways of working a metal depend on its properties. Many metals can be melted nnd cast in moulds, but spe cial conditions are required for metals that react with air.