melenam08041974

26.02.2021 08:29

Английский язык

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Можете написать краткий пересказ текста на английском? In early times there were few specialist builders. People

constructed their homes from whatever material was available where

they lived. The only large buildings were communal ones such as

granaries and places of worship for their gods. In ancient Egypt,Greece, and Rome, large buildings were financed by the rulers of

the country and built by slaves who had been captured in battle.

Stone was used if it was available and where it was not, brick making industry developed.

After the end of the Roman Empire in the 4th century AD there

was very little large-scale building done in Europe for about six

hundred years. There were two kinds of buildings other than cottages

and farm buildings: castles and churches. Building a cathedral was

such a vast undertaking that someone was required to organize all

the craftsmen needed for the work. This was usually a master

stonemason.

At the time of the Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries a

new sort of building specialist emerged. He was usually a philosopher or artist, rather than a craftsman, who would get together

a team of building workers and make arrangements to pay them.

This was the beginning of the profession of architecture.

The Industrial Revolution in

the 19th century brought to an

end the craft trad itio n s in

building. Many new functional

buildings were put up in the big

towns that were developing —

buildings that were not planned

to be beautiful but were there to

Building construction for house machinery and the workers

several apartment blocks who operated it. They had to be

built quickly and cheaply. The

building materials were brought across the country on the new canals

and railways that were quickly constructed to get the raw materials

for industry and the finished products to the places where they were

needed.

When the railways were built, tunnels were dug, and bridges,

aqueducts, and roads were built. New materials such as steel were

introduced and engineers were trained to use them. Advances in

science meant that building designers could calculate in advance how a building should be constructed to ensure that it would stand

up, instead of relying on a system of trial and error, for it sometimes

happened that a building would collapse while it was being built.

It was important to calculate accurately the cost of materials and

labour, and there came to be so much competition for doing the

work that a system of tendering developed. Different contractors

would calculate what it would cost to complete a project and then

the lowest estimate would be chosen. The quantity surveyor emerged

in the late 19th century as a professional specialist in building

finance, who could accurately predict the cost of a project.

In the late 19th century, all kinds of new technological

developments affected the building industry. The emergence of the

skyscraper in Chicago, United States, was made possible not only

by the use of steel framing in the structure, but also by the invention

of the elevator, the telephone, and air conditioning.

The present state of building construction is complex. There is

a wide range of building products and systems which are aimed

primarily at groups of building types or markets. The design process

for buildings is highly organized and draws upon research

establishments that study material properties and performance, code

officials who adopt and enforce safely standards, and design

professionals who determine user needs and design a building to

meet those needs. The construction process is also highly organized;

it includes the manufacturers of building products and systems, the

craftsmen who assemble them on the building site, the contractors

who employ and coordinate the work of the craftsmen, and

consultants who specialize in such aspects as construction

management, quality control, and insurance.