mihajlova2011

22.06.2023 05:55

Английский язык

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No department of railways has been more developed by modern technology than signaling and telecommunications. Color light signals, electrical operation of signals and points, track-circuiting, route-setting panel control, automatic train operation, computer-based centralized traffic control (CTC) – these are the basic elements of up-to-date signaling. The method of operating long railway lines by CTC began in the USA in 1927. The principle is that at the central point the operator has a diagram showing him where every train is and he can control the whole section of the line – possibly of two or three hundred miles – from his control console. The operator can see and control the overall track circuit. On modern railways the main line and station approaches are controlled from a single control center to provide regular traffic and avoid delays.
To control a whole trunk line from one place a single control centre was first introduced in Japan, on the New Tokaido Line. The entire line between Tokyo and Osaka is wholly controlled from the general control center located in Tokyo. It’s well known that conventional CTC uses conventional relays. Practical railway experience shows that it takes much time to transmit information therefore the Japanese National Railways have developed a new system using transistors and diodes. This system proves to be more reliable; besides that it is more economical because it helps to save time: it takes about one second to scan indications for all tracks. At present up-to-date electronic equipment including a digital computer is widely used to automate train operation and to improve the quality of railway service.

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions to text A:
1. Do railway signaling and communications have the most advanced technologies and equipment?
2. What are the basic elements of up-to-date signaling?
3. Which of them is the latest one?
4. What’s your opinion on the subject?
5. What does the abbreviation CTC mean?
6. What country was the first to use CTC on its railways?
7. What kind of a diagram does the operator have on his (her) control console?
8. How long may be the section of the main line controlled from the single control centre?
9. What approaches are controlled from a single control centre?

10. Why is CTC so important for railways?

11. What railways began to control a whole trunk line by means of CTC?

12. What devices had been used to transmit information before the Japanese National Railways developed a new system using transistors and diodes?

13. Why are transistors and diodes more reliable than relays?

14. What is the latest development used to automate train operation and improve the quality of railway service?