gelyaangelmat

05.12.2021 10:58

Английский язык

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задание по английскому

(II) Tort law is the body of law that deals with civil wrongs except those that arise from contract problems. Tort is a wrongful act among private individuals. A punch in the nose, careless driving that causes an accident, defective design of a product that injures a consumer, publication of a false statement that tends to harm person’s reputation are all wrongful acts for which the victim can file a suit for an award of money damages.

(III) Tort law has three essential purposes. First, it provides motivation for good conduct, deterring wrongful conduct and reducing the incidence of injuries. Second, it provides compensation for victim of a tort case through the award of damages for the injuries incurred during a tortious act. Third, by requiring that wrongdoers compensate the victims, it serves the sense of fairness.
(IV) The definitions of many torts closely resemble definitions of crimes. The difference between a tort and a crime is that a tort is a wrong against an individual, whereas a crime is a wrong against society as a whole. Torts are different from criminal laws. In tort law, the victim files suit against the perpetrator, and the case is tried in civil court. Torts are the subject of civil law disputes between private individuals, and crimes are prosecuted by the state. The intent of the criminal action is to punish the wrongdoer while the intent of the civil action is to compensate the injured person. Sometimes an individual takes an action in the law of tort because he has been the victim of the crime but has gained no benefit from the criminal prosecution. Occasionally, a criminal action may be followed up by a civil suit such as in a rape case where the victim may seek financial compensation in addition to criminal sanctions.

(V) *The most commonly-litigated torts concern physical injuries to a person. These torts are subdivided into three categories: intentional torts, negligence and strict liability. In intentional torts, the person causing the harm meant to do so (intentionally hitting someone). Negligence involves carelessness (causing an accident because you did not follow traffic rules). Strict liability holds the actor responsible even though he did not mean to harm the victim. Strict liability for defective products (product liability) was one of the major developments in tort law in the USA in 20-th century. Strict products liability is imposed for manufacturing defects, when a product is improperly made. More important are two other situations: When the product has a design defect and when the manufacturer fails to warn about risk created by the product.

(VI) Although the core of tort law is physical injury, harm to economic and dignitary interests without physical injury also is important, particularly in business litigation. Defamation is a false written or oral statement that damages another’s reputation. There are two types of defamation: libel (written) and slander (oral). Defamation is a tort because someone's good name and status in the community are injured. For example, if someone calls you a liar in public or accuses you of committing a crime, then you may be able to sue that person for defamation. The statement, however, must be false. If the court finds that someone has made a defamatory statement about you, then that person may have to pay monetary compensation to you.*

(VII) In our day-to-day relations we must be careful that our behavior does not cause injury to other people or their property. Tort law sets standards for our behavior and provides remedies if we do not meet those standards. It imposes on each member of society the duty to take reasonable care to avoid causing harm to others. It provides legal recourse to those who suffer harm as a result of the breach of this duty. Tort law attempts to find a balance between the harm caused to individuals and the benefit to society.

EXERCISE 6. Read the text carefully and complete the sentences given below.

1. Tort law provides compensation for __________ of a tort case.

2. Tort is a __________ against individual.

3. Crime is a wrong against _________ as a whole.

4. The intent of the criminal action is to __________ the wrongdoer.

5. The intent of the civil action is to __________ the injured person.

6. The most commonly-litigated torts concern ________ _________ to a person.

7. Defamation is a false statement that _________ another’s reputation.

8. Defamation is a tort because someone’s good name and status in the community are _________.

9. Tort law provides __________ if we don’t meet the standards of behavior.

10. Tort law provides legal _________ to those who suffer harm.