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mary, queen of scots  (8 december 1542 – 8 february 1587), also known as  mary stuart[3]  or  mary i, reigned over  scotland  from 14  december 1542 to 24 july 1567.

mary, the only surviving legitimate child of  james v of scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. she spent most of her childhood in france while scotland was ruled by  regents, and in 1558, she married the  dauphin of france,  francis. he ascended the french throne as king francis ii in 1559, and mary briefly became  queen consort of france, until his death in december 1560. widowed, mary returned to scotland, arriving in  leith  on 19 august 1561. four years later, she married her first cousin,  henry stuart, lord darnley, but their union was unhappy. in february 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, and darnley was found murdered in the garden.

james hepburn, 4th earl of bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in april 1567, and the following month he married mary. following an uprising against the couple, mary was imprisoned in  loch leven castle. on 24 july 1567, she was forced to  abdicate  in favour of  james vi, her one-year-old son by darnley. after an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southwards seeking the protection of her  first cousin once removed, queen  elizabeth i of england. mary had previously claimed elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of england by many  english catholics, including participants in a rebellion known as the  rising of the north. perceiving her as a threat, elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses in the interior of england. after eighteen and a half years in custody, mary was found guilty of  plotting to assassinate elizabeth  in 1586. she was beheaded the following year.