Найдите в тексте словосочетания, соответствующие следующим
определениям.
a) _is a legal system where two advocates represent their parties’ positions before an impartial person or group of
people, usually a jury or judge, who attempt to determine the truth of the
case. This system is generally adopted in common law countries. An exception, for instance in the U.S., can be made for minor violations, such as
trafic offenɫes.
b) is a legal system, opposed to the
previous one, which has a judge (or a group of judges who work together)
whose task is to investigate the case and bring up a sentence. It is widely
spread in Europe among some civil law systems (i.e. those deriving from
Roman law or the Napoleonic Code).
Текст:
While establishing its legal system Russia has passed several stages which
can be defined according to their historical periods.
Before the socialist revolution (1917) Russian law system borrowed
much from German legal system and formally could be included into the
German sub-branch of the continental law. After the October Revolution
Soviet lawyers decided to find their own unique way in law and followed this
path for at least 75 years, they tried to find their own identity and to create
Soviet socialist law in Russia. After these attempts failed, Russia tried to
come back to its roots, i.e., to the European system of law.
Therefore, from the formal point of view the Russian law system is closer
to the Roman-German law than to the Anglo-American one. It has many
features of European continental law but we cannot say that it fully fits it.
Modern post-soviet Russian legal system obtains its individual approaches
to various aspects of law.
As Russia’s legal system is based on a civil law system, influenced by
Roman law, its emphasis is made on codification. All decisions are based
on the foundation of statutes and codes rather than judicial precedent, as
it is evident in common law. It is brightly demonstrated, for example, in
criminal law. As in other civil law countries, the pretrial investigation in
Russia is the dominant phase in the criminal process. In this part of the
process, a judicial official of the state puts together a case file which
contains all evidence of the case and then comes the court which holds an
active role in determining case facts, using a more inquisitional system
and bringing up a sentence.

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