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Complete the text “German forces in Belgium and France”, using words from the box. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary.

a) aggravated, b) assistance, c) converge, d) defensive, e) denied, f) diverted, g) encircle, h) flank, i) foreseen, j) General Staff, k) halted, l) incapacitated, m) insufficient, n) modified, o) rail-heads, p) signified

At the outbreak of the First World War, the German army carried out a 1) ….. version of the Schlieffen Plan, designed to quickly attack France through neutral Belgium before turning southwards to 2) ….. the French army on the German border. The plan called for the right 3) ….. of the German advance to 4) ….. on Paris and initially, the Germans were successful, particularly in the Battle of the Frontiers (14–24 August). By 12 September, the French with5)….. from the British forces 6) …..the German advan-
ce east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne (5–12 September). The last days of this battle 7)….. the end of mobile warfare in the west. The French offensive into Germany launched on 7 August with the Battle of Mulhouse had limited success.
In the east, only one Field Army defended East Prussia and when Russia attacked
in this region it 8) ….. German forces intended for the Western Front. Germany defeated Russia in a series of battles collectively known as the First Battle of Tannenberg (17 August – 2 September), but this diversion 9) ….. problems of 10) ….. speed of advance from 11) ….. not 12) ….. by the German 13) ….. . The Central Powers were 14) ….. a quick victory and forced to fight a war on two fronts. The German army had fought its way into a good 15) ….. position inside France and had permanently 16) ….. 230,000 more French and British troops than it had lost itself. Despite this, communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of early victory.

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1. i've just called him. (present perfect)

2. i didn't call him yesterday, i was busy. (past simple)

3. my parents have just gone away. (present perfect)

4. she's already answered the letter. (present perfect)

5. she answered it on tuesday. (past simple)

6. my friends went away five minutes ago. (past simple)

7. i read that book in the summer holidays. (past simple)

8. the fisherman have sold now all his fish. (present perfect)

9. he sold the last one half an hour ago. (past simple)

10. i haven't seen him for three years. (present perfect)

11. i met him last week. (past simple)

12. has the newspaper come? - yes, ann is reading it now. (present perfect)

13. did you wear your hair long when you were a school? - yes, my mother insisted of it. (past simple)

14. he hasn't smoked for two weeks. he's trying to give it up. (present perfect)

15. when did he arrive? he arrived at 2.00. (past simple)

16. have you shut the window? (present perfect)

17. i read his books when i was ar school. i enjoyed them very much. (past simple)

18. have you been here before? - yes, i spent my holidays here last year. - did you have a good time? - yes, the sun never stopped shining.   (present perfect; past simple)

19. the clock is slow. - it isn't slow, it's stopped. (present perfect)

20. here's you dress; i've just mended it. (present perfect)

21. i left home at 8.00 and got here at twelve. (past simple)

22. have you had breakfast yet? - yes, i had it at 8.00. (present perfect; past simple)

23. did you see the stars last night?   (past simple)

24. we've missed the bus. now we'll have to walk. (present perfect)

25. the lecture has just begun. you're a little late. (present perfect)

26. he broke his leg in a skiing accident last year. (past simple)

27. i can't go out because i haven't finished my work. (present perfect)

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