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01.08.2020 23:23

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The USA
The United States of America, popularly referred to as the United
States or as America is a federal republic on the continent of North
America, consisting of 50 states. New York City is the largest city in
the United States. Washington, D.C., is the capital.
The supreme law of the land is the Constitution of the United
States. The Constitution was drafted in 1787, was ratified by the required
twoothirds of the states by June 1788, and was put into effect in 1789.
The first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, were adopted
in 1791. They provide for freedom of speech, freedom of religion,
freedom of the press, the right to assemble, the right to petition the
government, and various due process and criminal procedure rights for
individuals. Seventeen additional amendments were adopted between
1795 and 1992, abolishing slavery, providing for an income tax, and
providing for universal suffrage for all people 18 or older, among other
purposes.
The Constitution provides for a union of states, each with its own
constitution, republican form of government, and reserved powers,
within a federal system. The national government is responsible for
external affairs and has concurrent powers with states, commonn
wealths, and selffgoverning territories over domestic matters. The head
of state is the President of the United States; and the seat of government
is the District of Columbia, which has limited home rule and no voting
representation in the national legislature.
The Constitution establishes three separate branches of government:
the legislative, executive, and judicial.
Article II of the Constitution states that a president and vice president
are chosen by a majority of voters in the Electoral College, for a fixed term
of four years. The 22nd Amendment (1951) limits presidents to two terms
in office. By state law, electors are chosen by a plurality of the popular
vote in each state and in the District of Columbia. In almost all cases the
winner of the popular vote is elected president.
The American President typically has a greater range of functions
than prime ministers in parliamentary governments because the
President serves as ceremonial chief of state as well as head of government.
Unlike most presidents in other nations, the American President is also
the head of his or her party, an important legislative leader, and the chief
executive. The Constitution makes the President CommanderrinChief
of the U.S. armed forces.
The president’s diplomatic powers include negotiation and
ratification of treaties, with the consent of twoothirds of the Senate;
the appointment of ambassadors to foreign nations, also with the
consent of the Senate; and the reception of foreign ambassadors. The
president negotiates, on his or her own authority, executive agreements
with leaders of other nations.
An extensive advisory system serves the president. The President’s
cabinet also serves as a source of information and advice. It consists of the
heads of the governmental departments and a few other officials, such as
the director of the Central Intelligence Agency and the U.S. ambassador
to the United Nations (UN). The cabinet has no power of its own.
All legislative powers granted by the Constitution in Article I are
exercised by the Congress of the United States. Congress consists of
two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate
contains 100 senators, two representing each state — a provision of the
Constitution not subject to amendment. The 435 members of the House
are elected by the different states on the basis of their population at the
most recent U.S. census. Every two years all 435 members of the House
are elected, and oneethird of the senators.
Congress has extensive powers in domestic affairs, including the power
to tax, borrow money and pay debts, coin money and regulate its value,
and regulate commerce among the states. Congress helps to establish and
oversees the departments and agencies of the executive branch; it also
establishes the lower federal courts and determines their jurisdiction.​