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21.03.2022 20:36

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since 1970 it has become apparent, that the potential e
structing a computing device in which signals are transmitted by beams of
laser radiation rather than electric currents. there is a powerful incentive
for developing such an optical computer; it may operate 1000 times faster
than an electronic computer. an optical analog of the transistor is the
basic element of a computer based on beams of light. constructing an optical
computer has required a variety of circuit elements in addition to the optical
transistor. nevertheless, many of the elements needed to make an integrated
optical circuit have already been demonstrated and applied in modern optical
computers.
image processing by computer: a digital computer processes
information in discrete numerical units: digits. most images, of course, do
not come in such units. processing a photograph by means of computer
therefore requires that the analog image first should be converted into a
digital one, and a photograph image can be sampled by a scanning
microdensitometer by the flying-spot scanner or more advanced image-
sampling systems, based on semiconductor technology. an image reduced
to a set of binary numbers can be stored on magnetic tape or transmitted
directly to the computer. when the information in an image is expressed in
digital form, it can be manipulated mathematically rather than optically.
what is responsible for the recent surge of activity in digital image
processing? first, an image embodies a prodigious amount of information,
and so most image processing is done with a large powerful computer. second,
the advances in microelectronic technology have also led to the construction
of improved devices for converting an image into digital data and vice versa.
third, the development of sophisticated algorithms or math procedures has
made it possible to carry out image-processing operations that once had
been impossible or impractical. scientists are familiar with some of the more
spectacular products of digital image processing: enhanced satellite photographs of the planets (including the earth), colorful representations of more
distant celestial objects and images assembled from x-ray data to show a
cross-section of the human body.
nowadays the fifth generation computers are being perfected and
applied-in science, education and engineering with great success. some of
they are processing not information (data) but knowledge.