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metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. the study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.

the separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. the atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. that is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). metals vary greatly in their properties. for example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.

the regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. irregular crystals are called grains. the properties of the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these grains. in general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one with coarse grains.

heat treatment such as quenching, tempering, or annealing controls the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. small amounts of other metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to a pure metal. this is called alloying (легирование) and it changes the grain structure and properties of metals.

all metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, hammering and extrusion, but some require hot-working. metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep (the slow increase in length under stress) causing deformation and failure. both effects are taken into account by engineers when designing, for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical processes. metals can be worked using machine-tools such as lathe, milling machine, shaper and grinder.

the ways of working a metal depend on its properties. many metals can be melted and cast in moulds, but special conditions are required for metals that react with air.

metals

metallurgy

most metals

the regular arrangement of atoms in

irregular

the properties of the metals

metals with small grains will

the nature of the grains in the metal.

alloying

all metals can be formed

creep

metals can be worked

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katya1074

Английский язык

4,4(13 оценок)

It is a hard job to be an actor as you always have to be in a good form and mood. to be like that i wake up about 8 o’clock and go to the park, where i run for about 30 minutes. as i am an action hero i have to stay fit. then i take a shower, eat some healthy food – fresh juice or fruits. i need to keep a diet. usually i have meetings in the afternoon. i am rather busy until 10 or even 11 p.m. as film-making process is hard and time-consuming. during the day i try to eat until 6 p.m. i also travel a lot so it is difficult to have a regular schedule.

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