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What is law?               people on earth live in contact with other people, and this explains the need for laws. human beings live in social groups. this helps each person in a group to live a better life. but this means that people must work and cooperate with each other. unfortunately, some people in society behave in anti-social ways. some individuals become irritable, some angry, some selfish, some aggressive, and some even violent. their actions may harm other people’s lives or their property. imagine for a moment a world without laws. someone bigger, stronger or faster could steal or take away your mobile phone, car ot money. even your life could be in danger – others could attack or kill you. you would have to live by the law of the jungle.          laws protect people from the “bad” actions of others. in effect, the idea of law is to put limits on people’s greed and emotions. as individuals we all have certain freedoms and rights. sometimes for the protection of society, the law places limits on these rights. as a famous judge once said, “your right to swing your fist ends at the point where the other fellow’s nose begins.”            to ensure the security of law-abiding citizens the government provides the legal machine with weapons of compulsion – police, courts and prisons. the police enforce the law and catch those who break it, courts apply the law or establish guilt or innocence, and prisons punish offenders.            laws have several other aims. they also set rules for our life. for example laws guarantee to people who buy and sell goods, make wills and so on that the state will enforce these private arrangements. people know that,    if necessary, laws will help them to settle their disputes peacefully.            finally, laws establish the system of government. the basic law of every state is its constitution. it describes the structure of government and lays down the rights and obligations of the citizens.  (перевод текста)c. прочитайте текст еще раз и определите, справедливы ли данные высказывания (t – true) или нет (f  –false). исправьтеневерныеутверждения.                1. all people in society work and cooperate with each other.                2. the law of jungle can’t protect all people.                3. the law limits the freedoms and rights of individuals.                    4. the government can’t make people obey the law.                      5. the police punish offenders.                      6. the main aim of prisons is to establish guilt and innocence.                      7. people apply the law themselves.                      8. the law establishes the system of government.                      9. the constitution guarantees the rights of the citizens.d. заполните пропуски в резюме текста (summary) подходящими по смыслу словами. переведитеподчеркнутыесловаивыражения.            this text explains  the need for laws in society. laws have several ….  the main aimof the law is to … life and property of    law-abiding citizens.  that’s why  the government has to limit our rights and freedoms.besides, laws set some … of behaviour. these rules help people to enforce their personal …and settle disputes peacefully.finally, the law establishes the system of … .f.  ответьтенавопросы: 1. do you feel that the law protects you? 2. does the law limit your personal freedom? 3. would you like to live by the law of jungle? why? why not? 4. who are anarchists?   do you know any famous anarchists?

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Of the italian renaissance, hugely influential as an artist and sculptor but also immensely talented as an engineer, scientist and inventor. leonardo da vinci was born on 15 april 1452 near the tuscan town of vinci, the illegitimate son of a local lawyer. he was apprenticed to the sculptor and painter andrea del verrocchio in florence and in 1478 became an independent master. in about 1483, he moved to milan to work for the ruling sforza family as an engineer, sculptor, painter and architect. from 1495 to 1497 he produced a mural of ‘the last supper’ in the refectory of the monastery of santa maria delle grazie, milan. источник: кратко обо всем © kratkoe.com da vinci was in milan until the city was invaded by the french in 1499 and the sforza family forced to flee. he may have visited venice before returning to florence. during his time in florence, he painted several portraits, but the only one that survives is the famous ‘mona lisa’ (1503-1506). in 1506, da vinci returned to milan, remaining there until 1513. this was followed by three years based in rome. in 1517, at the invitation of the french king francis i, leonardo moved to the château of cloux, near amboise in france, where he died on 2 may 1519. the fame of da vinci’s surviving paintings has meant that he has been regarded primarily as an artist, but the thousands of surviving pages of his notebooks reveal the most eclectic and brilliant of minds. he wrote and drew on subjects including geology, anatomy (which he studied in order to paint the human form more accurately), flight, gravity and optics, often flitting from subject to subject on a single page, and writing in left-handed mirror script. источник: кратко обо всем © kratkoe.com

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