Перевести текст на . a forest, also - referred to as a wood or the woods, is an area with a high density of trees. a forest may vary significantly in size and have different classifications according to how and of what the forest is composed. these plant communities cover approximately 94 percent of the earth's surface (or 30 percent of total land area), though they once covered much more (about 50 percent of total land area), in many different regions and functions as habitats for organisms, hydrologic flow modulators, and soil conservers, constituting one of the most important aspects of the biosphere. although forests are classified primarily by trees, the concept of a forest ecosystem includes additional species (such as smaller plants, fungi, bacteria, and animals) as well as physical and chemical processes such as enenergy flow and nutrient cycling. a typical forest is composed of the overstory (canopy or upper tree layer) and the understory. the understory is further subdivided into the shrub layer, herb layer, and also the moss layer and soil microbes. in some complex forests, there is also a well - defined lower tree layer. forests are central to all human life because they provide a diverse range of resources: they store carbon, aid in regulating the planetary climate, purify water and mitigate natural hazards such as floods. forests can be found in all regions capable of sustaining tree growth, at altitudes up to the tree line, except where natural the environment has been altered by human activity. the latitudes 10° north and south of the equator are mostly covered in tropical rainforest, and the latitudes between 53°n and 67°n have boreal forest. as a general rule, forests dominated by angiosperms (broadleaf forests) are more species - rich those dominated by gymnosperms (conifer, montane, or needleleaf forests), although exceptions exist. forests sometimes contain many trees species only within a small area (as in tropical rain and temperate deciduous forests), or relatively few species over large areas (e. g., taiga and arid montane coniferous forests). forests are often home to many animal and plant species, and biomass per unit area is high compared to other vegetation communities. much of this biomass occurs below ground in the root systems and as partially decomposed plant detritus. the woody component of a forest contains lignin, which is relatively slow to decompose compared with other organic materials such as cellulose or carbohydrate. forests are differentiated from woodlands by the extent of canopy coverage: in a forest, the branches and the foliage of separate trees often meet or interlock, although there can be gaps of varying sizes within an area referred to as forest. a woodland has a more continuously open canopy, with trees spaced farther apart, which allows more sunlight to penetrade to the ground between than (also see: savannah). among the major forested biomes are: rain forest (tropical and temperate), taiga, temperate hardwood forest, tropical dry forest. forests can be classified in different ways and to different degrees of specificity. one such way is in terms of the "biome" in which they exist, combined with leaf longevity of the dominant species (whether they are evergreen or deciduous). another distinction is whether the forest are composed predominantly of broadleataftrees, coniferous (needleleaved) trees, or mixed. boreal forests occupy the subarctic zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous. temperate zones support both broadleaf deciduous forests and evergreen coniferous forests. warm temperate zones support broadleaf evergreen forests, including laurel forests. tropical and subtropical forests include tropical and subtropical moist forests, tropical and subtropical dry forests, and tropical and subtropical coniferous forests.

лес, является областью с высокой плотностью деревьев. лес может значительно различаться по размеру и иметь различные классификации в зависимости от того, как и из чего состоит лес. эти растительные сообщества покрывают приблизительно 94 процента поверхности земли (или 30 процентов общей площади суши), хотя когда-то они покрывали гораздо больше (около 50 процентов общей площади суши), во многих различных регионах и функционируют как места обитания для организмов, гидрологический сток модуляторы и почвоведы, составляющие один из важнейших аспектов биосферы. хотя леса классифицируются в основном по деревьям, концепция лесной экосистемы включает дополнительные виды (такие как мелкие растения, грибы, бактерии и животные), а также и процессы, такие как поток энергии и круговорот питательных веществ.

типичный лес состоит из надлеска (навес или верхний слой дерева) и подлеска. подлесок далее подразделяется на кустовый слой, травяной слой, а также моховый слой и почвенные микробы. в некоторых сложных лесах также имеется четко определенный нижний слой дерева. леса являются центральными для всей человеческой жизни, потому что они обеспечивают разнообразные ресурсы: они накапливают углерод, регулировать климат планеты, очищают воду и смягчают такие стихийные бедствия, как наводнения. леса можно найти во всех регионах, способных поддерживать рост деревьев, на высотах до линии деревьев, за исключением тех случаев, когда природная среда была изменена в результате деятельности человека.

широты в 10 ° к северу и югу от экватора в основном покрыты тропическими лесами, а на широтах между 53 ° и 67 ° северной широты есть бореальный лес. как правило, леса, в которых покрытосеменные (широколиственные леса), являются более богатыми , чем голосеменные (хвойные, горные), хотя существуют исключения.

леса иногда содержат много видов деревьев только на небольшой территории (например, в тропических дождях и умеренно-лиственных лесах) или относительно немного видов на больших площадях (например, таежные и засушливые горные хвойные леса). леса часто являются домом для многих видов животных и растений, и биомасса на единицу площади высока по сравнению с другими растительными сообществами. большая часть этой биомассы происходит под землей в корневых системах и в виде частично разложившегося детрита растений. древесный компонент леса содержит лигнин, который сравнительно медленно разлагается по сравнению с другими органическими веществами, такими как целлюлоза или углеводы.

леса отличаются от лесных массивов по степени охвата пологом: в лесу ветви и листва отдельных деревьев часто встречаются или сцепляются, хотя в пределах области, называемой лесом, могут быть разрывы различных размеров. лесистая местность имеет более постоянно открытый навес с деревьями, расположенными дальше друг от друга, что позволяет большему количеству солнечного света проникать на землю между ними (см. также: саванна).

среди основных лесных биомов: тропический лес (тропический и умеренный), тайга, лиственный лес умеренного пояса, сухой тропический лес.

леса могут быть классифицированы по-разному и с различной степенью специфичности. одним из таких способов является «биом», в котором они существуют, в сочетании с долговечностью листьев доминирующих видов (будь то вечнозеленые или лиственные). другое различие заключается в том, состоят ли леса преимущественно из широколиственных деревьев, хвойных (игольчатых) деревьев или из смешанных. бореальные леса занимают субарктическую зону и, как правило, вечнозеленые и хвойные.

умеренные зоны поддерживают как широколиственные лиственные леса, так и вечнозеленые хвойные леса. теплые умеренные зоны поддерживают широколиственные вечнозеленые леса, в том числе лавровые.

тропические и субтропические леса включают тропические и субтропические влажные леса, тропические и субтропические сухие леса, а также тропические и субтропические хвойные леса.

олемпийские игры.

physical culture is a part of general culture of a society, one of the spheres of social activities, directed on strengthening of health, development of physical abilities of a person and their use in accordance with the needs of the public practice. main indicators of the state of the physical culture in the society: the level of health and physical development of people; the degree of use of physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in the workplace, the home, the structure of free time; the nature of the system of physical education, the development of mass sports, high achievements in sports, etc.the main elements of the physical culture, physical exercises, their complexes and competitions for him, hardening of the body, health and way of life, actively-motor types of tourism, physical labor as a form of recreation for people of intellectual work.in the society of physical culture, being the heritage of the people, is an important means of «upbringing of a new man, harmoniously combining the spiritual wealth, moral purity and physical perfection». it will contribute to the social and labour activity of the people, the economic efficiency of production, physical culture movement is based on the multilateral activities of state and public organizations in the field of physical culture and sports.sport is an integral part of the physical culture, as well as a means and method of physical education, the system of organization and carrying out of competitions on various complexes of physical exercises and preparatory training sessions. historically formed as a special sphere of identifying and unified comparison of achievements of people in certain types of physical exercises, their level of physical development. sports in the broadest sense embraces actually competitive activity, special training for it (sports training), the specific social relations arising in the sphere of the activity, its socially significant results. social value of the sport lies in the fact that he is a factor, the most efficient in stimulating lessons of physical culture, contributes to the moral, aesthetic education, satisfaction of spiritual needs.in the sphere of sports historically consisted of various elements of human activity. sports, having centuries-old history, were developed from the original physical exercises, forms of employment and of the military activity, used by people for the purposes of physical education in antiquity - running, jumping, throwing, weight lifting, boating, diving and t. d.; a part of the modern sport was formed in the 19th-20th centuries on the basis of the sport and in the adjacent areas of culture, games, sports and art gymnastics, modern pentathlon, figure skating, orienteering, sports tourism, etc.; technical kinds of sport are based on development of the equipment: auto-, moto-, cycling, aviation sports, scuba diving, etc.physical culture is an integral part of human life. it takes quite an important place in the study, the work of the people. occupation of physical exercise plays a significant role in the efficiency of the members of the society, that is why knowledge and skills for physical culture must be laid in educational institutions of different levels in stages. a significant role in the education and training of physical culture invest and institutions of higher learning, where the basis of the teaching should be based on clear methods, ways, all of which are arranged in a well-organized and developed the methods of teaching and upbringing of students.physical culture of the people is part of its history. its formation, the subsequent development is closely connected with the same historical factors, which influence the formation and development of the economy of the country, its statehood, political and spiritual life of society. in the concept of physical culture is, of course, all that is created by the mind, talent, crafts people, all that expresses his spiritual nature, look at the world, the nature, the human being, the human relations.the words of the ancient greek poet of pindar, written two thousand years ago, not forgotten on this day. not forgotten, because the olympic competitions, held at the dawn of civilization, continue to live in the memory of mankind.every olympic games turned into a holiday for the people, a kind of congress for the rulers and philosophers, competition for sculptors and poets.the days of olympic celebrations - the days of the world. for the ancient greeks games were an instrument of the world, облегчавшим negotiations between cities, contributing to the mutual understanding and communication between states.olympics exalted man, for olympics reflect the outlook, the cornerstone of which was the cult of the perfection of the spirit and the body, the idealization of harmoniously developed human - thinker and the athlete. олимпионику - winner of the games - compatriots paid homage, which was awarded to the gods, in their honor were created monuments in life, made laudatory odes of feasts. olympic hero rode in his native city on a chariot, dressed in purple, crowned with the wreath come not through the usual gate, and through the hole in the wall, who in the same day appeared to be rebuilding, to the olympic victory, went into the city and has never left his.the emergence of the olympic gamesno number of myths - one beautiful than the other. - about the origin of the olympic games. почетнейшими the ancestors of them believe the gods, kings, rulers and heroes.its still preserved the glory of olympia entirely obliged to the olympic games, although they were there only once in four years and lasted for a few days.