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brief history of russia

the territory of modern russia has been inhabited since prehistoric times by scythians, the oldest ancestors of the slavs. the culture of this particular people preceded the emergence of kievan rus. thus, the history of russia was born long before the formation of the roman empire, and the tribes that inhabited it in the pre-slavonic period, took an active part in the formation of ancient culture.

the ancestors of the slavs lived mainly in central europe, but over time they moved to the east. in terms of language, they belonged to the indo-european group of peoples. the etymology of the name of the country is interesting. the term “russia” was first used in the 10th century by the byzantine emperor constantine vii in his writings. this word was the greek designation of russia, that is, all east slavic territories.

in the vii century ad the resettlement of slavic peoples from central europe ended with the formation of a new nation — the russians. according to the tale of bygone years, the russian state was formed in 862. it was the largest state in europe, stretching from the black sea to the arctic. soon through the efforts of the rurik dynasty, a new monarchical state, kievan rus, was formed. it included not only all the eastern slavs, but also partly finno-ugric, turkic and baltic tribes. at the beginning of the xi century there was a collapse into smaller principalities.

since 1237, many areas of ancient russia were invaded by the mongol-tatars. and the northeastern territories paid tribute to the tatar khans until the end of the xv century. from the middle of the 15th century, a single geopolitical space formed with the capital in moscow on the territory of russia. the first sovereign of russia is considered to be ivan iv the terrible. during his rule, astrakhan and kazan also joined the state of moscow. at the end of the xvi century, serfdom began to form in russia.

in the first half of xvii, russia experienced a time of troubles, marked by the polish-swedish intervention and the political and economic crisis. having defended its independence, the country has entered a new stage of development. in 1613, the kingdom was transferred to the romanov dynasty. the first king of this dynasty was mikhail fedorovich. during his reign, eastern siberia was developed, many cities and settlements were founded (kuznetsk, yakutsk, including in chukotka and in the amur region. during the reign of his son alexei mikhailovich, the influence of the west increased.

one of the most interesting periods in the history of russia was the reign of peter i (1682-1725). this emperor founded the new capital in st. petersburg, returned the russian lands, strengthened the absolute monarchy and carried out a number of radical reforms to modernize the army and education. after his death, palace coups began in the country, which elizabeth i (1741-1762) was able to stop. during the reign of catherine ii (1762-1796), russia successfully fought with turkey for access to the black sea.

at the end of the xviii - beginning of the xix century, the napoleonic wars began. napoleon's troops occupied some european territories, but in 1812 were defeated by the russian army. 1861, the year of the abolition of serfdom, became an important year for russia. rapid economic growth began in the late 19th and early 20th century. during world war i, the monarchy was overthrown by the provisional revolutionary government. political chaos increased in the country, culminating in the october 1917 revolution.

the great patriotic war of 1941-1945 became a serious test for the country. losses were colossal. during this war, more than 26 million people died and more than 70 thousand settlements were destroyed. the war ended with the victory of the soviet union, but it took decades to restore the country's economy. in 1991, the soviet union collapsed, forming the russian federation on the territory of the state.

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ответ: с

While I was working in the garage, I hurt my back.

Когда я работал в гараже, я повредил спину.

Объяснение:

длящееся время) используется для описания действий, которые происходили в конкретный, точно известный момент времени или некоторый промежуток времени в Образуется при глагола to be в времени : was ед.ч или were мн.ч. и инфинитива глагола с окончанием -ing. (was working).

Точный момент времени в Past Continuous может уточняться или прерываться другим, более кратковременным действием, которое выражено в Past Simple ( глагол hurt неправильный поэтому в времени имеет туже форму, что и в настоящем)