kryp4

30.06.2020 18:46

Английский язык

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Переведите , не из переводчика только water in industry water is used in just about every industry. industrial water withdrawls represent 22% of total global water use (significant regional differences). its use is notable for manufacturing, processing, washing, diluting, cooling, transporting substances, sanitation needs within a facility, incorporating water into a final product, etc. (usgs, 2010). the food, paper, chemicals, refined petroleum, and primary metal industries use large amounts of water (usgs, 2010). a sustainable water supply in industry involves limiting water use through efficient appliances and methods adapted to the particular industry. rainwater harvesting on-site (including the creation of large pond-like structures), as well as recycling water in industrial processes, can provide a sustainable water supply for industry without straining municipal water supplies. industry releases organic water pollutants, heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge, and other wastes into water supply sources. industry thus has a dual responsibility for internal sustainable water supply and the protection of external water supply sources. water in agriculture agriculture uses the largest amount of freshwater on a global scale. it represents roughly 70% of all water withdrawal worldwide, with various regional differences. in the united states, for example, agriculture accounts for over 80% of water consumption (usda, 2010). the productivity of irrigated land is approximately three times greater than that of rain-fed land (fao, 2010). thus, irrigation is an important factor for sustainable agriculture systems. in addition, global food production is expected to increase by 60% from 2000 to 2030, creating a 14% increase in water demand for irrigation (un, 2005). agriculture is also responsible for some of the surface and groundwater degradation because of run-off (chemical and erosion-based). it thus has a dual role in sustainable water supply: (1) using water efficiently for irrigation and (2) protecting surface and groundwater supply sources. techniques for sustainable water supply in agriculture include organic farming practices which limit substances that would contaminate water, efficient water delivery, micro-irrigation systems, adapted water lifting technologies, zero tillage, rainwater harvesting, runoff farming, and drip irrigation (efficient method that allows water to drip slowly to plant roots by using pipes, valves, tubes and emitters). domestic water uses the average household needs an estimated 20-50 liters of water per person per day, depending on various assumptions and practices (gleick, 1996). reducing water use through waterless toilets, water efficient appliances, and water quantity monitoring, is an important part of sustainability for domestic water supply. efficient piping systems that are leak-free and well insulated provide a network that is reliable and help to limit water waste. the aforementioned potable water supply sources, with their sustainability features and sustainability challenges, are all relevant to other domestic uses. since water quality standards are not as strict for household uses as for drinking, there is more flexibility when considering sustainable domestic water supply (including the potential for reclaimed water use). conclusions a water supply system will be sustainable only if it promotes efficiencies in both the supply and the demand sides. initiatives to meet demand for water supply will be sustainable if they prioritize measures to avoid water waste. avoiding wastage will contribute to reducing water consumption and, consequently, to delaying the need for new resources. on the supply side, it is fundamental to enhance operation and maintenance capabilities of water utilities, reducing non-revenue water (nrw), leakages, and energy use, as well as improving the capacity of the workforce to understand and operate the system. it is also necessary to ensure cost-recovery through a fair tariff system and “intelligent” investment planning. in addition, all alternatives to increase the water supplymust be analysed considering the entire life cycle. on the demand side, the adoption of water efficient technology can considerably reduce water consumption. investments in less water intensive industrial processes and more efficient buildings lead to a more sustainable water supply. concrete possibilities of economic savings, social benefits (such as the involvement of different sectors of society to reach a common objective, environmental awareness of the population, etc.) and a range of environmental gains make the adoption of water efficient technologies viable.