Перевести .. прочтите и переведите письменно текст. rubber natural rubber is an elastic substance found as milky dispersion in many specics of plants. synthetic rubbers are highly polymeric substances manufactured from a wide range of chemical compounds. both synthetical and natural rubber have in common the ability to undergo nearly reversible, highly elastic deforma¬tion. , f in 1960, world wide use of rubber was divided nearly equally between natu¬ral product (about 2 million tons) and synthetic rubr ber (about 1,8 million tons). natural rubber being an extremely valuable substance, many other naturally occurring compounds are closely related to it,chemically. the basic building block for natural rubber as well as other polyisoprenoids is acetic acid. natural rubber was first obtained from wild trees in brazil. the physical and chemical properties of natural rubber are fixed by biologi¬cal factors. in synthetic rubber a much greater variation of properties can be real¬ized. the chemical properties of rubber are of paramount importance. vulcanization is a process used jto make raw rubber useful. it decreasessen- sitivity to extremes of temperature, confers resistance to flow under stress and sta¬bilizes rubbers valuable properties. chemically, vulcanization creates strong bonds between the long linear molecules of the rubbery polymer. it fixes efficiently the molecules position with rcspect to one another and prevents their slippage under¬stress.

Каучук натуральний каучук є еластичним речовиною, знайденим в молочному дисперсії в багатьох specics рослин. синтетичні каучуки є високо полімерні речовини, виготовлені з широкого діапазону хімічних сполук. обидва синтетично і натурального каучуку мають в загальному можливість пройти майже оборотні, дуже еластичний deforma¬tion. , е у 1960 році у всьому світі використання каучуку був розділений майже порівну між natu¬ral продукту (близько 2 млн тонн) і синтетичного rubr ber (близько 1,8 млн тонн). натуральний каучук є надзвичайно цінним речовиною, багато інших природні сполуки тісно пов'язані з ним, хімічно. основним будівельним блоком для натурального каучуку, а також інших polyisoprenoids є оцтова кислота. натуральний каучук був вперше отриманий з диких дерев в бразилії. фізичні та хімічні властивості натурального каучуку закріплюються biologi¬cal факторами. в синтетичного каучуку значно більшу зміну властивостей може бути real¬ized. хімічні властивості гуми мають першорядне значення. вулканізація є процес, який використовується jto зробити сирий каучук корисним. це decreasessen- ствительность до перепадів температур, стійкість до потоку під напругою і sta¬bilizes каучуків цінні властивості. хімічно, вулканізація створює міцні зв'язки між довгими лінійними молекулами каучукового полімеру. він фіксує ефективно положення молекули з rcspect один з одним, і запобігає їх прослизання under¬stress.

Oliver twist   is born in a workhouse in 1830s england. his mother, whose name no one knows, is found on the street and dies just after oliver’s birth. oliver spends the first nine years of his life in a badly run home for young orphans and then is transferred to a workhouse for adults. after the other boys bully oliver into asking for more gruel at the end of a meal, mr. bumble, the parish beadle, offers five pounds to anyone who will take the boy away from the workhouse. oliver narrowly escapes being apprenticed to a brutish chimney sweep and is eventually apprenticed to a local undertaker, mr. sowerberry. when the undertaker’s other apprentice, noah claypole, makes disparaging comments about oliver’s mother, oliver attacks him and incurs the sowerberrys’ wrath. desperate, oliver runs away at dawn and travels toward london.

outside london, oliver, starved and exhausted, meets jack dawkins, a boy his own age. jack offers him shelter in the london house of his benefactor,  fagin. it turns out that fagin is a career criminal who trains orphan boys to pick pockets for him. after a few days of training, oliver is sent on a pickpocketing mission with two other boys. when he sees them swipe a handkerchief from an elderly gentleman, oliver is horrified and runs off. he is caught but narrowly escapes being convicted of the theft. mr. brownlow, the man whose handkerchief was stolen, takes the feverish oliver to his home and nurses him back to health. mr. brownlow is struck by oliver’s resemblance to a portrait of a young woman that hangs in his house. oliver thrives in mr. brownlow’s home, but two young adults in fagin’s gang, bill sikes and his lover  nancy, capture oliver and return him to fagin.

fagin sends oliver to assist sikes in a burglary. oliver is shot by a servant of the house and, after sikes escapes, is taken in by the women who live there, mrs. maylie and her beautiful adopted niece rose. they grow fond of oliver, and he spends an idyllic summer with them in the countryside. but fagin and a mysterious man named monks are set on recapturing oliver. meanwhile, it is revealed that oliver’s mother left behind a gold locket when she died. monks obtains and destroys that locket. when the maylies come to london, nancy meets secretly with rose and informs her of fagin’s designs, but a member of fagin’s gang overhears the conversation. when word of nancy’s disclosure reaches sikes, he brutally murders nancy and flees london. pursued by his guilty conscience and an angry mob, he inadvertently hangs himself while trying to escape.

mr. brownlow, with whom the maylies have reunited oliver, confronts monks and wrings the truth about oliver’s parentage from him. it is revealed that monks is oliver’s half brother. their father, mr. leeford, was unhappily married to a wealthy woman and had an affair with oliver’s mother, agnes fleming. monks has been pursuing oliver all along in the hopes of ensuring that his half-brother is deprived of his share of the family inheritance. mr. brownlow forces monks to sign over oliver’s share to oliver. moreover, it is discovered that rose is agnes’s younger sister, hence oliver’s aunt. fagin is hung for his crimes. finally, mr. brownlow adopts oliver, and they and the maylies retire to a blissful existence in the countryside.