Ninick

05.07.2021 05:25

Английский язык

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Перевод текста на по точнее originally, a "computer" was a person who performed numerical calculations under the direction of a mathematician, often with the aid of a variety of mechanical calculating devices from the abacus onward. an example of an early computing device was the antikythera mechanism, an ancient greek device for calculating the movements of planets, dating from about 87 bce. the technology responsible for this mysterious device seems to have been lost at some point. the end of the middle ages saw a reinvigoration of european mathematics and engineering, and by the early 17th century a succession of mechanical calculating devices had been constructed using clockwork technology. a considerable number of technologies that would later prove vital for the digital computer were developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, such as the punched card and the vacuum tube ((or valve). charles babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable computer as early as 1837, but due to a combination of the limits of the technology of the time, limited finance, and an inability to resist tinkering with his design (a trait that would in time doom thousands of computer-related engineering projects), the device was never actually constructed in his lifetime. during the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated, special-purpose analog computers, which used a direct physical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. these became increasingly rare after the development of the digital computer. a succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features of modern computers, such as the use of digital electronics (invented by claude shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability. defining one point along this road as "the first computer" is exceedingly difficult. notable achievements include the atanasoff berry computer, a special-purpose machine that used valve-driven computation and binary numbers; konrad zuse's z machines; the secret british colossus computer, which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of valves could be made reliable and reprogrammed electronically; and the american eniac — the first general purpose machine, but with an inflexible architecture that meant reprogramming it essentially required it to be rewired.