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Ответить на вопросы к тексту: 1. how is the term automation defined in the text? 2. what is the most “familiar example” of automation given in the text? 3. what was the first step in the development of automation? 4. what were the first robots originally designed for? 5. what was the first industry to adopt the new integrated system of production? 6. what is feedback principle? 7. what do the abbreviations cam and cad stand for? 8. what is fms? 9. what industries use automation technologies? text “automation” automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. the sequences of operations are controlled automatically. the most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products. the term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people. automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. the simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. these specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency. in the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. this method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as detroit automation. the feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. the feedback principle has been used for centuries. an outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by james watt to control the speed of the steam engine. the common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device. using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. these operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations. computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. more recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer aided manufacture (cad and cam) technologies. when using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. after the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part. another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (fms). a computer in fms can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory. automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. small computers are used in systems called mod processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modern office. they are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on. many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. in communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done automatically. railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. not all industries require the same degree of automation. sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods. the automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries. nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs.

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The answer to the first question: this term means the system that performs certaint tasks by machines only. also this term is used to determine the system that operates without humans. the answer to the second question: the most familiar example of automation given in the text is an assembly plant for automobiles and other complex devices. the answer to the third question: the first step on the way of automation was a mechanization. the answer to the fourth question: the first robots were designed for increasing speed of work at plants and making production cheaper and more profitable. the answer to the fifth question: the first industry that adopted widely the automation was car industry. the answer to the sixth question: the main thing of feedback principle is that this sort of automation can correct itself due to conditions. the easiest example is a climate control in a common flat. if the temperature in the room hotter than it is necessary the fan starts working and it corrects the temptreture in the room, until again it becomes hotter. the answer to the seventh question: the first abbreviation cam stands for computer aided manufacture the second abbreviation cad stands for computer aided design. the answer to the eighth question: fms stands for flexible manufacturing system. the answer to the ninth answer: more or less all industries in the world use automation technology. an intensity depends on many options such as industry, the development of the country, and etc. i hope i have helped you. sorry if i have made mistakes somewhere. i only learn english. good bye.

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