Какая часть лондона является его центром., !

racism has existed throughout human history. it may be defined as the hatred of one person by another -- or the belief that another person is less than human -- because of skin color, language, customs, place of birth or any factor that supposedly reveals the basic nature of that person. it has influenced wars, slavery, the formation of nations, and legal codes.

racism on the part of western powers toward non-westerners has had a far more significant impact on history than any other form of racism (such as racism among western groups or among easterners, such as asians, africans, and others). the most notorious example of racism by the west has been slavery, particularly the enslavement of africans in the new world (slavery itself dates back thousands of years). this enslavement was accomplished because of the racist belief that black africans were less fully human than white europeans and their descendants.

this belief was not "automatic": that is, africans were not originally considered inferior. when portuguese sailors first explored africa in the 15th and 16th centuries, they came upon empires and cities as advanced as their own, and they considered africans to be serious rivals. over time, though, as african civilizations failed to match the technological advances of europe, and the major european powers began to plunder the continent and forcibly remove its inhabitants to work as slave laborers in new colonies across the atlantic, africans came to be seen as a deficient "species," as "savages." to an important extent, this view was necessary to justify the slave trade at a time when western culture had begun to promote individual rights and human equality. the willingness of some africans to sell other africans to european slave traders also led to claims of savagery.

one important feature of racism, especially toward blacks and immigrant groups, is clear in attitudes regarding slaves and slavery. jews are usually seen by anti-semites as subhuman but also superhuman: devilishly cunning, skilled, and powerful. blacks and others are seen by racists as merely subhuman, more like beasts than men. if the focus of anti-semitism is evil, the focus of racism is inferiority -- directed toward those who have sometimes been considered to lack even the ability to be evil (though in the 20th century, especially, victims of racism are often considered morally degraded).

all of these arguments are based on a false understanding of race; in fact, contemporary scientists are not agreed on whether race is a valid way to classify people. skin color, hair,facial shape - are not of much scientific significance.