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over time, the roman writers began to show interest in celtic culture.  the most interesting and informative source of information are the "notes on the gallic war" julius caesar (100-44. bc).  describing the britons, he pointed out that those are on head long hair, and the rest of the body shaved and painted in blue with woad.  he was struck by the manner of the celts fight: like lightning, they broke into the ranks of the enemy in their war chariots, and if necessary, fly off with them, in case of a forced retreat again zaprygivayem and quickly removed.he does not avoid the attention and the life of the celts, "there are rabbits, chickens and geese is a sin, but they are held for fun."  unfortunately, it is difficult to assess the veracity of these "facts" as the classical authors often remained in the power of propaganda.  they portrayed the celts bad "barbarians," as opposed to "civilized" romans. in his "memoirs "  caesar mentions the partial relocation of the celtic tribe of belgians in britain.  british belgae certainly support their compatriots on the continent and to offer them help in the fight against the romans.  in order to prevent this threat, and to stabilize the situation with the trade, julius caesar in the next two years (55 and 54 years. bc) invaded the british isles.  he describes in detail the operation and admits, when in 55 roman ships approached the coast of britain, his soldiers, terrified awful celtic warriors, refused to go to the land.  you never know what would have ended the case, if it were not for the inspiring example of the standard-bearer of the ninth legion, who jumped off the deck right in the ocean waves.  military attacks against britain were transient and did not give any results.  note, however, that due to caesar, we have the testimony of the first historical figure in britain.  this kassivellaun - leader katuvellavnov celtic tribe living to the north of london, presumably verulamii (st. albans), and fought against the romans. despite these attempts of invasion, britain has for a hundred years remained free of direct rule from rome.  subsequent emperors also nurtured plans to capture the island - especially here sought augustus (27 bc - 14 ad) and caligula (37-41 gg. bc) - but they are constantly interfered more  important matters.  all this time the tribes of south-east england were fickle and inconsistent policy towards the romans.  however trade contacts are maintained, and at some point the leaders of local tribes even got an offer to send their sons to the educational goals in rome.  perhaps this is a result of contact with the romans has been changing in the political life of the celts.  if the first power usually belonged to those who became famous military prowess, and often passed from hand to hand, but now the hierarchy stabilized.  the power of the tribes was hereditary.  of course, not without envy and discontent among disadvantaged families, often it came to bloodshed.  such hostility weakened britain and created favorable conditions for the roman invasion. meanwhile brythonic king katuvellavnov cunobelin incredibly appreciated and distributed power in the south-east of england.  it just so happened that he drove one of his sons, who hurried to rome and there declared his submission to emperor caligula.  he chose to treat it as a formal statement and began to prepare for the trip to a remote island.  preparation was nearing completion when it was interrupted because of the rebellion that broke out in the roman army.after the death of cunobelin power passed to his two sons, who are extremely hostile to the romans.  thus, the future trade with england, which in rome attached great importance.  in addition, under the new conditions katuvellavny could well come to terms with the enemies of the empire on the continent and create her a big problem.

in roman times britain lay on the periphery of the civilized world, and it emerged into the light of history only after the saxon settlements in the 5th century ad. tribal migrations into britain began about the middle of the 5th century. the first arrivals were invited by a british chieftain to defend his kingdom against the picts and scots. the first mercenaries were from three tribes - the angles, saxons, and jutes - which located on the coastlands of northwestern germany. eventually, these peoples would themselves topple the native kingdoms. but unity was fleeting; the subsequent norman conquest (1066) resulted in the subordination of england to a frankish aristocracy, and the introduction of feudalism to the isles. the english normans would eventually give rise to a purely british line of kings, the plantagenets. three centuries later, the wars of the roses was the final struggle between the yorkist and lancastrian descendants of the plantagenets for control of the throne. when henry tudor, earl of richmond, seized the crown in 1485, leaving the yorkist richard iii dead upon the field of battle, few englishmen would have predicted that 118 years of tudor rule had begun. elizabeth i (1558-1603) proved to be the most able tudor monarch. no observer in 1558, any more than in 1485, would have predicted that despite the social discord, political floundering, and international humiliation of the past decades, the kingdom again stood on the threshold of an extraordinary age. her reign ushered in two centuries of british exploration, colonization, artistic and intellectual advances. when elizabeth, the "virgin queen," died childless, parliament offered the crown to the closest blood kin, james vi of scotland (1603-1625) and the united kingdom was born, defended by the "wooden wall" of the royal navy's men-o-war.

Hello friend, i can't apologise enough for nor writing you sooner! i've had a lot of homework so i hadn't time to answer your letter.  i wanted to let you know that i  can understand that you feel very lonely after moving to a new town, because all your friends and relatives are still here, in our hometown. i felt the same when i was in a camp last summer. i could suggest you to enter to a sport club and  try to make new friends as soon as possible.  please write me more often and tell me about everything that happens to you! forever your friend, friend